Spent nuclear fuel in canisters has been stored under water in the K-reactor fuel storage basins (K Basins) for more than 40 years. Laboratory work with simulants and hot cell work with actual K Basin sludge is in progress to obtain data in these areas. Ash and sludge containing uranium compounds also have been dissolved in reprocessing or plutonium scrap recovery plants, but only a limited amount of information is available on how the ferric oxyhydroxide, aluminum compounds and silicates in the sand will behave during nitric acid dissolution. Both uranium metal and uranium dioxide have been dissolved on a large scale in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants in Europe, Japan, and the USA. Dissolution of uranium metal and uranium dioxide has been studied quite thoroughly and much information is available. The volume of chemical additions and the amount of undissolved solids will be much different for floor and pit sludge than for canister sludge. The sludge conditioning equipment will be designed to process all of the sludge streams, but some of the operating parameters will be adjusted as necessary to handle the different sludge stream compositions. The composition of the floor and pit sludges which contain more iron oxides and sand than uranium is much different than the canister sludges which are composed of mostly uranium oxides. There will be five distinct feed streams to the sludge conditioning process two from the K East (KE) Basin and three from the K West (KW) Basin. Sludge conditioning will be done by dissolving the fuel constituents in nitric acid, separating the insoluble material, adding neutron absorbers for criticality safety, and then reacting the solution with caustic to co-precipitate the uranium and plutonium. The sludge will be conditioned so that it meets Tank Waste Remediation System waste acceptance criteria and can be sent to one of the underground storage tanks. The decision has been made to dispose of this sludge separate from more » the fuel elements stored in the basins. The K Basin sludge contains uranium oxides, fragments of metallic U, and some U hydride as well as ferric oxyhydroxide, aluminum oxides and hydroxides, windblown sand that infiltrated the basin enclosure, ion exchange resin, and miscellaneous materials. The conclusion of this study along with laboratory and hot cell tests with actual sludge samples will provide the basis for beginning conceptual design of the sludge dissolver. CHEM C3000 covers all of these topics and more: introduction to chemistry, safety information, setting up your workspace, acids & bases, salts & solutions, elements & compounds, solids, liquids & gases, combustion, air & air pressure, air pollution, our environment, metals, oxidation & rust, atoms & molecules, history of chemistry, crystal lattices, chemical formulas, ubiquitous elements, oxygen, hydrogen, water, solutions & saturation, hydrogen peroxide, atomic bonds, orbitals & shells, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, bromine & iodine, families of elements, the periodic table, sulfur, carbon dioxide, mineral deposits, baking soda & powder, ammonia, crystals & solutions, chemical indicators, separating mixtures, chromatography, electron transfer, electrolysis, electrochemistry, carbon, fossil fuels, alcohol, soils, soaps & detergents, sugars & starches, monomers & polymers, proteins, and waste disposal.The purpose of this engineering study is to investigate the available technology related to dissolution of the K Basin sludge in nitric acid. These concepts are critical to continued study of chemistry.ĬHEM C3000 is an excellent preparation for high-school level chemistry. CHEM C3000 has a similar hands-on approach to teaching chemistry as our other CHEM kits, but also teaches more advanced topics such as chemical equations, atomic structures, and the periodic table.
CHEM C3000 SUPPLEMENTAL MANUAL
You could call it a textbook, but the manual is too much fun to make that comparison. The 192-page, full-color experiment manual is written at a more advanced level than the other CHEM kit manuals.
CHEM C3000 SUPPLEMENTAL PLUS
This kit includes all of the components from CHEM C2000, plus dozens of additional tools and chemicals, and 100 additional experiments, for a total of more than 333 experiments. Description CHEM C3000 is the ultimate chemistry set.